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285 lines
15 KiB
285 lines
15 KiB
2 years ago
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8" />
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
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<title>{% block title %}NTHU Trading Platform{% endblock title%}</title>
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<link
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href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.3.0-alpha1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css"
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rel="stylesheet"
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integrity="sha384-GLhlTQ8iRABdZLl6O3oVMWSktQOp6b7In1Zl3/Jr59b6EGGoI1aFkw7cmDA6j6gD"
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crossorigin="anonymous"
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/>
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<link
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rel="stylesheet"
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href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-icons@1.10.3/font/bootstrap-icons.css"
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/>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css">
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{% block link %}
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/tailwindcss/dist/tailwind.min.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fortawesome/fontawesome-free/css/all.min.css">
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{% endblock %}
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<style>
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body {
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padding-top: 70px;
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padding-bottom: 70px;
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background-color: #eee;
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/* font-size: 2vw; */
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font-family: Georgia, sans-serif !important;
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}
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/* .offcanvas-body {
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font-size: 2vw
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} */
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.navbar {
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background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom right, #5d9faa , #c4e0e5);
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}
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.navbar-nav > li > a.active {
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font-size: 18px;
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border-bottom: 2px ridge #888888;
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}
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p {
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text-indent: 2em;
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}
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{% block style %}{% endblock %}
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</style>
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</head>
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<header>
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{% set navigation_bar = [
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('/', 'index', '首頁', 'bi bi-house-fill'),
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('/strategy', 'strategy', '建立策略', 'bi bi-piggy-bank-fill'),
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('/strategy_tw', 'strategy_tw', '台股建立策略', 'bi bi-piggy-bank-fill'),
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('/custom', 'custom', '自訂數據建立策略', 'bi bi-database-fill-add'),
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('/result', 'result', '分析結果排行', 'bi bi-graph-up-arrow'),
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('/result_tw', 'result_tw', '分析結果排行(台股)', 'bi bi-graph-up-arrow'),
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('mailto:r10246002@ntu.edu.tw', 'error', '錯誤回報', 'bi bi-bug-fill')
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] -%}
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{% set active_page = active_page|default('index') -%}
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<nav class="navbar bg-light fixed-top">
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<div class="container-fluid px-3 py-2">
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<a class="navbar-brand mx-2" href="{{ url_for('index') }}">
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<h3><strong></i>投資組合大擂台</strong></h3>
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</a>
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<!-- TODO: Login/Logout -->
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<div class="navbar-expand ms-auto">
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<ul class="navbar-nav me-2 mb-lg-0">
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{% if not session.username %}
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link btn btn-lg" href="{{ url_for('login') }}">
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<i class="bi bi-box-arrow-in-right"></i>
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<i class="bi bi-person-fill"></i>
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</a>
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</li>
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{% else %}
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<li class="nav-item dropdown">
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<a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle btn btn-lg" href="" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="true">
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<i class="bi bi-person-check-fill"></i>
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</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" style="background-color: rgb(244, 250, 255);">
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<li class="px-3 active">歡迎您: {{ session.username|safe }}</li>
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<li><hr class="dropdown-divider"></li>
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<li>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="{{ url_for('logout') }}">
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<i class="fas fa-sign-out-alt pe-2 "></i>登出
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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{% endif %}
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</ul>
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</div>
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<button
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class="navbar-toggler"
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type="button"
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data-bs-toggle="offcanvas"
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data-bs-target="#offcanvasNavbar"
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aria-controls="offcanvasNavbar">
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<i class="bi bi-three-dots"></i>
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</button>
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<div
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class="offcanvas offcanvas-start text-bg-light {% if active_page is not none and not active_page == 'index'%}show{% endif %}"
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data-bs-scroll="true"
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tabindex="-1"
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id="offcanvasNavbar"
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aria-labelledby="offcanvasNavbarLabel"
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>
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<div class="offcanvas-header">
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<h4 class="offcanvas-title mt-2 p-0" id="offcanvasNavbarLabel">
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投資組合大擂台
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</h4>
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<button
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type="button"
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class="btn-close btn-close"
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data-bs-dismiss="offcanvas"
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aria-label="Close"
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></button>
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</div>
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<div class="offcanvas-body">
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<ul class="navbar-nav justify-content-end d-flex flex-grow-1 pe-3">
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{% for href, id, caption, icon in navigation_bar %}
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<li class="nav-item my-2">
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<a
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class="nav-link {% if id == active_page %}active{% endif %}"
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{% if id == active_page %}aria-current="page"{% endif %}
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href="{{ href|e }}">
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<i class="{{ icon|e }}"></i>
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<span class="mx-1">{{ caption|e }}</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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{% endfor %}
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</ul>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</nav>
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</header>
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<body>
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{% block content %}
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<div class="container-sm mx-auto my-4 p-4 bg-white shadow-lg" style="border-radius: 5px;">
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<!-- <h1 class="text-4xl font-bold mb-4">Document Title - {{ active_page|e }} </h1> -->
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<div class="alert alert-secondary" role="alert">
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<ul>
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<li><i class="bi bi-caret-right-fill"></i> 本網站讓使用者可以自建投資組合,回測其績效,並與其他使用者比較、討論並改進。</li>
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<li><i class="bi bi-caret-right-fill"></i> 使用單位:清華大學、台灣大學、政治大學、明新科大、中華大學、臺北大學、證基會、成功大學。</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="prose lg:prose-xl p-3">
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<h2 class="text-xl font-bold mb-4">平台簡介</h2>
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<p>
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我們常聽到的「鷄蛋不要放在同個籃子裏」,
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爲的就是要分散股市不確定性所帶來的風險。
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一般來説,在風險分散的同時,收益也會跟著降低。
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於是問題就變成:我們如何在風險與報酬率中取捨。
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被稱爲資産配置之父的哈利·馬可維兹(Harry Max Markowitz)就提供了以下的想法。
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</p>
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<p>
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在給定各個標的(underlying)的權重後,
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對該投資組合(portfolio)做均值–變異數分析(mean-variance analysis),
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其中平均數爲平均報酬率,變異數爲波動率(意即「風險」)。
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在這樣定義不同投資組合的報酬與風險的情况下,
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我們可以發現:在不同的預期報酬下,
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都可以找到一個投資組合(或權重)使波動率達到最小值。
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將這些報酬與對應到的最小風險記錄下來後所形成的開口向右的二維拋物線圖形(如下圖),
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就是所謂的「效率前緣(efficient frontier)」。
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<div class='d-flex justify-content-center'>
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<div class="rounded mx-auto d-block" style="height: 80%; width: 80%;">
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<img src="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/frontier.jpg') }}" class="img-fluid" alt="frontier-example">
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</div>
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</div>
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<p class="p-0">
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本網站使用S&P 500、元大臺灣50以及Nasdaq 100指數的成份股的歷史日資料。
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每次計算標的權重,都是取六個月的資料,依照馬可維兹的理論,
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畫出效率前緣,然後取夏普值最大的權重,再用接下來三個月的資料,
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觀察投資組合的價值如何變化。我們每三個月更新一次權重,
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再把許多三個月區間內投資組合的價值變動拼接起來,
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得到2015年中到2020年中投資組合的價值變動,
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再藉此求出平均年報酬、年波動率,再把報酬除以波動率得到整個投資期間的夏普值。
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另外我們還算出最大跌幅(maximum drawdown),就是投資過程中,
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會從到目前為止的最高點,最多下跌多少幅度。
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</p>
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-sm-6">
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<div class="card mt-3">
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<div class="card-header">
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固定預期報酬 $p$,令投資組合權重為 $w$, 則將波動率最小化的數學問題為:
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</div>
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<div class="card-body">
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<p class="card-text" style="font-size: 1.8vmin;">
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$$\begin{equation}
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\begin{aligned}
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\min_{w} \quad &\frac{1}{2}w^{T}\Sigma w\quad\\
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\textrm{s.t.} \quad &\sum_{i=1}^{n}w_i = 1\\
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&\sum_{i=1}^{n}w_i R_i \geq p\\
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&0\leq w_i \leq 1 \quad , 1 \leq i \leq n
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\end{aligned}
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\end{equation}$$
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="col-sm-6">
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<div class="card mt-3">
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<div class="card-header">
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令投資組合權重為 $w$, 則將夏普率最大化的數學問題為:
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</div>
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<div class="card-body">
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<p class="card-text" style="font-size: 1.8vmin;">
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$$\begin{equation}
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\begin{aligned}
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\min_{w} \quad &\frac{w^T R}{\sqrt{w^{T}\Sigma w}}\quad\\
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\textrm{s.t.} \quad &\sum_{i=1}^{n}w_i = 1\\
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&0\leq w_i \leq 1 \quad , 1 \leq i \leq n
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\end{aligned}
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\end{equation}$$
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<hr class="my-4">
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<h2 class="text-xl font-bold mb-4 mt-4">投資組合的$\alpha$、$\beta$值簡介</h2>
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<p class="my-1">
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在評估投資組合的表現時,經常使用的是絕對性的指標,
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例如報酬率、波動率、夏普指數,MDD等,
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不過也有相對性的指標alpha、beta值。
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比較投組與另一個標的(例如大盤指數,
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我們可以透過回歸式,估計出作為超額報酬的alpha值,
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以及作為相關性的beta值。Alpha值表示投組的獲利能力,
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越高越好。Beta值代表了投組對系統性風險的曝險程度,越低越好。
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</p>
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<p class="my-1">
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根據CAPM模型,給定投組報酬 $r_{p}$, 大盤指數 $r_m$ 以及無風險利率 $r_f$ ,
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$\beta$ 值可以藉由以下公式得出:
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$$ \mathbb{E}[r_p] - r_f = \beta (\mathbb{E}[r_m] - r_f)$$
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$\alpha$ 值則是藉由計算實際的投組報酬與由CAPM得到的理論報酬的差得到,公式為:
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$$\alpha = r_p - (r_f + \beta (r_m - r_f))$$
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</p>
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<p class="my-1">
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當給定一組時間序列時,alpha、beta值可以利用線性回歸的方式得出。
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我們可以將上述的式子改寫成以下的形式:
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$$Y = \alpha + \beta X + \epsilon,$$ 而 $$Y = r_p-r_f , X = r_m-r_f$$
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透過此回歸式,我們除了可以得到alpha、beta值外,也可以計算出值,用以衡量此模型的解釋力。
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在本擂台上,不限台股的投組使用的大盤指數 ($r_m$) 是SPY,
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台股的投組使用的大盤指數是0050.TW,無風險利率暫定為0。
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</p>
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<hr class="my-4">
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<h2 class="text-xl font-bold mb-4 mt-4">VaR 簡介</h2>
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</div>
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</div>
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{% endblock content %}
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<!--jQuery -->
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<script
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src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.js"
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integrity="sha256-H+K7U5CnXl1h5ywQfKtSj8PCmoN9aaq30gDh27Xc0jk="
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crossorigin="anonymous"
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></script>
|
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<!-- Boostrap Scripts -->
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<script
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defer
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src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.3.0-alpha1/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"
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integrity="sha384-w76AqPfDkMBDXo30jS1Sgez6pr3x5MlQ1ZAGC+nuZB+EYdgRZgiwxhTBTkF7CXvN"
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crossorigin="anonymous"
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></script>
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{% block script %}
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<script src="https://polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js?features=es6"></script>
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<script id="MathJax-script" async src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/3.2.0/es5/tex-mml-chtml.min.js"></script>
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<script>
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MathJax = {
|
||
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tex: {
|
||
|
inlineMath: [['$', '$'], ['\\(', '\\)']]
|
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}
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};
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</script>
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{% endblock %}
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</body>
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</html>
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